Of the 3.1 million newborn deaths that occurred in 2010, a quarter to half of them occurred within the first 24 hours after birth.

Many of these deaths occurred in

• Babies born too early and too small
• Babies with infections
• Babies asphyxiated around the time of delivery

Labour, birth and the immediate postnatal period are the most critical for newborn and maternal survival. Unfortunately, the majority of mothers and newborns in low- and middle-income countries do not receive optimal care during these periods.

Many newborn lives can be saved by providing skilled birth attendant caring for the mother and the newborn .

Care of newborns includes

• Immediate and thorough drying
• Skin to skin contact of the newborn with the mother
• Birth cord clamping and cutting after the first minutes after birth
• Early initiation of breastfeeding, and exclusive breastfeeding
• Newborns who do not start breathing on their own by one minute after birth should receive positive pressure ventilation with room air by a self-inflating bag and mask

After the first hour of life,

• Newborns should receive eye care, vitamin K, and recommended immunizations (birth dose of OPV and Hepatitis B vaccine).
• They should be assessed for birth weight, gestational age, congenital defects and signs of newborn illness.
• Special care should be provided for sick newborns, those who are preterm and/or low birth weight, and those who are exposed or infected by HIV or have congenital syphilis.

Material Source: www.who.int

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1. Children with speech problems can be treated by speech therapists.
2. Children who are suspected to have heart disease from the birth itself can undergo modern investigation and thus defect can be repaired by meticulous surgeries.
3. Children with blood cancer are also having full scope of survival for a longer duration with latest medicines.
4. If both the parents are having diabetes, their children are also prone to get diabetes. So, they have to take precautions in preventing the disease.
5. Children with learning disabilities can also be coached with the help of child psychologists.
6. Application of baby oil all over the body is of no use. It is not going to improve the complexion.
7. Giving head bath frequently to the newborn and older children should be avoided.
8. Over protection of the child as well as the over anxious parents are not good for child rearing.
9. Children with recurrent episodes of convulsions i.e. fits may require medicine for years together under surveillance of children specialists.
10. As parents if you know the fundamentals of child rearing, it is only an art rather than anxiety.

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1. Obesity may also be due to many ductless glands diseases. Children with obesity should be investigated for the cause of obesity.
2. The calories intake of the obese children should be reduced.
3. Parents should be advised to curtail the intake of snacks in between the meals of children.
4. Consumption of ice cream, toffees, sweets and chocolates should be drastically cut down.
5. Good amount of physical activity in the form of exercise should be kept under regular surveillance.
6. The weight of the child be kept under regular surveillance.
7. Attempts should be made to reduce the weight gradually rather than abruptly.
8. Use of drugs to reduce the appetite in obese children should be discouraged.
9. These children should be encouraged to take foods with low calorie content.
10. Children with mental retardation can nowadays be trained and educated by special schools.

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1. It can be easily prepared at home with the existing facilities.
2. It should fulfill the nutritional requirement of the growing infant.
3. It should be physiologically suitable, easily digestible, bland and nourishing.
4. Usually children with Malaria and Urinary Tract infection will have fever along with chills or rigor.
5. Urinary tract infection is more common in female children since the infecting organisms easily enter the tract due to the short urinary passage that is Urethra.
6. Some children may pass high coloured urine at times. It may be concentrated urine due to inadequate intake of water or else the child may be taking some vitamin in the form of syrup or tablet.
7. Some children who are on iron supplement for anaemia may have black discoloration of their teeth. It may be due to the over dose of iron.
8. Babies born to a parent suffering from AIDS should be investigated for the disease as soon as the delivery.
9. Parents who are blood relatives before the marriage are likely to have babies with congenital deformities.
10. Obesity in children is another problem with children of modern days. It is due to overeating, lack of physical activity, sitting in front of television and computer for hours together.

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1. Some children with undetected error of refraction or mild deafness do not comprehend or auditory stimuli in the class room and therefore lag behind their peers.
2. Cultural disharmony of the child with his peers in the school may lead to mal adjustment and poor performance.
3. Lack of adequate environmental stimulation in the family for school work.
4. In competent and harsh teachers who make learning a boring and unpleasant experience, even exceptionally brilliant students who are ahead of their peers and feel uninterested in the classroom may be dubbed as poor learners.
5. A child may be immature to follow the instruction may also be a poor school achiever.
6. A hyperactive child will also be a poor school achiever.
7. Post term or at times term babies may have peeling of their skin within a week of delivery. Nothing to be done for it.
8. Some new born babies may have one or two teeth. They should be removed if they are loose and cause injury to breasts.
9. Some new born babies will have sticky eyes within one or two days of delivery. It is due to some bacterial infection. For those babies eye drops to be instilled as per the advice of the doctor.
10. While selecting the weaning food, parents should be particular about the following points. It should be easily available and cheap and cost effective.

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1. Usually the breast secretions of milk increases from third day. The baby has to be put to breast minimum of 5 to 6 times a day.
2. Baby should be fed even at night times also if the baby is hungry.
3. Some mothers avoid feeding the babies at night hours. That is bad.
4. Usually the baby sucks all it needs in about 5 minutes from each breast, but it enjoys sucking and so can be allowed to suck a little longer. A feeding time of 15 to 20 minutes is usually enough, unless the baby is under weight and his sucking is poor.
5. If the baby is not getting adequate milk it can be fed with cow’s milk. Cow’s milk is preferred to buffalo’s milk because it has got lower fat content.
6. A child with reduced physical activity, slow gain in weight, arrested growth and underweight can be considered as undernourished child. That child may have thin buttocks, wrinkling of skin over front thighs.
7. Nearly 10 percent of children may have difficulty in learning academic skills in the early school years and they may perform poorly in the school.
8. The causes of poor school achievement may be as follows.
9. The child may be suffering from chronic illness and because of that could have absented to the school for prolonged period.
10. Too frequent relocation of parents due to transfers in service or changes of residence of parents will affect the academic activities.

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1.Warm, bacteria free milk is available all the time and the mother need not worry about how much milk the baby needs as long as the baby is happy and is gaining weight.
2.Breast milk costs nothing. This is not quite true if one takes accounts of the cost of extra food the lactating mother requires, but it is certainly cheaper than substitutes. If it is estimated that cost of artificial feeding may be as much as one third of the family income.
3.It is easily digestible and fats are better emulsified.
4.Breast milk is excellently good for premature babies.
5.It confers passive immunity to the baby, colostrum is rich in antibodies which gives protection against diseases.
6.It gives protection against bacterial as well as viral diseases.
7.It contains water soluble vitamin D which protects against Rickets which is a disease due to the deficiency of vitamin D.
8.Brest milk allergy will not happen.
9.Breast feeding will provide feeling of satisfaction and achievement and psychologically it makes mother and her child happier.
10.Mother hugs and cuddles the baby several times a day while feeding and gets to know her baby better.

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1.Children from 5 to 14 years weighing between 16 and 29.9kgs are given 1200 to 2200 ml of ORS over a period of 4 hours to drink.
2.Children above 15 years and weighing more than 30kgs are fed with more than 2200 ml of ORS. 200 ml is equal to one tumbler.
3.Preschool children pass large number of normal stools without significant weight loss. This is called as Toddler’s diarrhoea.
4.Parents of children with toddler’s diarrhoea need reassurance and the children should be given proper toilet training. This will help them to overcome the problem.
5.Factitious diarrhoea is another form of diarrhoea commonly encountered with adolescents.
6.Factitious diarrhoea can be made out by eliciting detailed history from the adolescents.
7.This form of diarrhoea is usually self induced. May be due to laxative abuse, consuming hypertonic foods, overfeeding, taking junk foods, intake of excessive fluids. Avoidance of precipitating factors will control the diarrhoea.
8.Some children may be allergic to cow’s milk protein. Such children if fed with cow’s milk will start to have diarrhoea after 6 to 8 weeks of introduction of cow’s milk.
9.Those children may have chronic diarrhoea and it will stop of cow’s milk is eliminated from feeding.
10.Parents should be aware of the benefits of breast feeding. It is the simplest way to feed the baby.

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1.Children with diarrhoea can be given rice water, dhal water, lassi or buttermilk, coconut water, lemon water and plain water.
2.If oral dehydration solution is given to children during and attacks of diarrhoea following quantity can be fed to the children provided if they are not having dehydration.
3.If the child is less than 6 months 50 ml should be fed after each loose stools.
4.Children between 7 months to 2 years 50-100 ml of oral dehydration solution should be fed after each loose motion.
5.Children between 2 to 5 years are fed with 100 to 200 ml of oral dehydration solution and older children can be given as much as they can drink.
6.If children are suffering from Dehydration along with diarrhoea should be given more of oral rehydration solution.
7.Infants less than 4 months with weight less than 5 kgs should be fed with 200 to 400 ml of oral rehydration solution over a period of 4 hours.
8.Children between 4 and 11 months weighting between 5 and 7.9 kgs can be given 400 to 600 ml of ORS over a period of 4 hours.
9.Children between 12 and 134 months weighting between 8 and 10.9kgs can be given 600 – 800 ml of ORS in 4 hours.
10.Children from 2 to 4 years weighting between 10 and 15.9kgs are made to drink 800 to 1200 ml of ORS in 4 hours.

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1.Children suffering from infection of lung infection are said to have Pneumonia.
2.Due to Pneumonia children may have cough, cold, body pain, fever, chest pain, weakness, difficulty in breathing etc.,
3.These children suffering from Pneumonia should be treated properly by medicines prescribed by doctors.
4.Pneumonia may be due to infection by viruses, bacteria, fungus.
5.Nearly 50 percent of new born babies may develop red rashes all over the body.
6.This sort of development of rash is common and it is not serious and it starts to appear on second or third day of life.
7.It may last for 4 – 5 days and it does not require any treatment.
8.A fungal infection of the skin is called as Ring worm. It usually spreads by contact with an infected person or contaminated objects like combs, brushes, towels etc.,
9.The rash may last for 6 weeks and improvement with treatment is noticed from 1 or 2 weeks.
10.At the time of diarrhoea children should not be given soft drinks, sweetened fruit drinks and tea.

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